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1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 105(8): 1033-1039, Dec. 2010. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-570675

ABSTRACT

Over the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the number of leishmaniasis cases in Brazil. Belo Horizonte (BH) is one of the most highly populated Brazilian cities that is affected by visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The health services in BH are coordinated by a central nucleus that is subdivided into nine sanitary districts. Historically, the highest level of human VL cases was found in the northeast sanitary district (NSD). The objective of our study was to detect Leishmania infection in the phlebotomine sand flies collected in the NSD by dissection and molecular approaches. Following the occurrence of human VL cases in 2005, entomological captures were performed from July 2006-June 2007. Out of the 245 sand flies dissected, only three Lutzomyia longipalpis spp contained flagellates. The female sand flies were grouped into 120 pools according to date, collection site and species, with approximately 10 individual sand flies in each pool. Subsquently, the DNA was extracted and Leishmania spp and other parasites were detected and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorfism. Leishmania infantum was present in at least 19 percent of the Lu. longipalpis collected, in 3.8 percent of the Nyssomiya whitmani collected, in 33.3 percent of the Evandromiya termitophila collected and in 14.3 percent of the Nyssomiya intermedia collected. When the females of the cortelezzii complex were compared with each other, 3.2 percent of the females were infected with Leishmania braziliensis, whereas 3.2 percent of the females were infected with trypanosomatids.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , DNA, Protozoan , Insect Vectors , Leishmania , Psychodidae , Brazil , DNA, Protozoan , Leishmania , Leishmania , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
2.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 48(spe2): 201-204, Oct. 2005. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-448910

ABSTRACT

DNA hybridisation, using probes labelled with 32P, was used to type Leishmania samples isolated from patients living in endemic areas of Mato Grosso State (Brazil), and clinically diagnosed as having tegumentary leishmaniasis. kDNA cloned mini-circle probes specific for the Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania braziliensis complexes were used. The results showed that L. braziliensis is the predominant group infecting human patients in the state. Sixty-eight samples were typed, 64 samples (94.1 percent) belonging to the L. braziliensis complex and only four (5.9 percent) belonging to the L. mexicana complex. Accurate identification of the Leishmania permits better orientation of the medical follow-up, since clinical manifestations may vary depending on the complex to which the parasite belongs. The epidemiological information furnished by the identification of the Leishmania in given endemic area is also essential for the design of appropriate control measures


Hibridização, utilizando sondas de DNA marcadas com 32P, foi utilizada para a tipagem de amostras de Leishmania isoladas de pacientes do estado do Mato Grosso (Brasil), diagnosticados clinicamente como portadores de leishmaniose tegumentar. Sondas de minicírculos clonados de kDNA, específicas para os complexos Leishmania mexicana e Leishmania braziliensis, foram utilizadas. Os resultados demonstraram que o complexo L. brasiliensis é o grupo predominante infectando pacientes humanos no estado do Mato Grosso. Foram tipadas 68 amostras: 64 (94,1 por cento) foram identificadas como pertencentes ao complexo L. brasiliensis e somente 4 (5,9 por cento) como pertencentes ao complexo L. mexicana. A tipagem de Leishmania é importante para um melhor acompanhamento médico, uma vez que as manifestações clínicas podem variar em função do complexo ao qual o parasita pertence. A informação fornecida pela identificação também é essencial para a definição das medidas de controle mais adequadas e compreensão da epidemiologia da doença.

3.
Inf. epidemiol. SUS ; 11(1): 37-39, jan.-mar. 2002.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-347996

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Most of the studies conducted to determine the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis are based on clinical cases. One of the problems in detecting asymptomatic infections is the lack of adequate diagnosis methods. This investigation´s objectives were: to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infection in an urban population exposed to risk due to the high prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis, and to identify risk factors for infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional population-based study was conducted in Sabara county, Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte/MG during 1998-1999. The investigation was approved by the Ethical Committee. Screening interviews were conducted using a pre-coded questionnaire, and blood was collected on filter paper from 1604 randomly selected household inhabitants. Samples were tested using immunofluorescence-IF, enzyme immunoassay-ELISA (crude antigen) and rapid test L. donovani-TRALd. In the confirmatory phase 102 seropositive and 124 seronegative participants were examined and venous blood was collected for serological tests (IF, ELISA and rk39-ELISA), PCR and hybridization for L. chagasi. Analyses of data were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: None of the participants developed visceral leishmaniasis during the study period. Due to the discordant results between the diagnostic techniques, four criteria of infection were defined. Prevalence estimates ranged form 1.1 to 11.9% according to the criteria used. The criterion which included participants with positive hybridization (L. chagasi) and at least one serological positive test was considered to yield the most realistic prevalence estimate (4.6%). The variables independently associated with infection for this criterion were: garbage not been collected (OR:6.0; 95%CI: 2.4-15.0), owing birds (OR:2.9; 95%CI: 1.5-5.6), garbage not being buried or deposited outside the household (OR: 4.8; CI95%: 1.7-13.4), family reporting knowing the vector (OR:6.0; 95%CI: 1.8-20.1), eroded areas in the neighborhood (OR:0.3; 95%CI: 0.1-0.8). Other identified risks factors were: to be outside of the house between 6-10 p.m., to own a short-haired dog or a house with plaster walls. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of asymptomatic human visceral leishmaniasis by L. chagasi in an urban population of Minas Gerais State was demostrated in this study. The estimated prevalence and the risk factors identified depend on the infection criteria used and were related to household conditions, the presence of domesticated animals and environmental conditions that allows contact with the vector.


DELINEAMENTO DO PROBLEMA: Estudos sobre a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral humana baseiam-se, geralmente, em casos clínicos. Um dos problemas atuais é a falta de métodos de diagnóstico adequados para detecção da infecção. Os objetivos da investigação foram: determinar a prevalência da infecção assintomática por Leishmania chagasi em população urbana exposta ao risco em virtude das altas prevalências da leishmaniose visceral canina; e identificar fatores de risco. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo seccional populacional no Município de Sabará, Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, entre 1998 e 1999. A investigação foi aprovada por comitê de ética. Na triagem, foram realizadas entrevistas pré-codificadas, coletando-se sangue em papel-filtro de 1.604 moradores, selecionados aleatoriamente, para realização do ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e teste rápido L. donovani (TRALd). Na etapa de confirmação dos resultados, foram reavaliados 102 participantes soropositivos e 124 soronegativos. Realizaram-se exames clínicos e coleta de sangue venoso para sorologia (RIFI, ELISA com antígenos bruto e recombinante-rk39), reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e hibridização para L. chagasi. Foi utilizada, na análise, regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: Nenhum participante desenvolveu a doença no período estudado. Devido às discordâncias entre as técnicas de diagnóstico, foram definidos quatro critérios de infecção. As estimativas de prevalência variaram entre 1,1 a 11,9%, dependendo do critério adotado. A estimativa que, provavelmente, mais se aproximou da real prevalência da infecção na população foi de 4,6% e incluiu todos os participantes com hibridização positiva e pelo menos uma sorologia reativa. As variáveis independentemente associadas à infecção para este critério foram: não ter o lixo recolhido pela prefeitura (OR:6,0; IC95%: 2,4-15,0), ter pássaros (OR:2,9; IC95%: 1,5-5,6), não ter o lixo enterrado ou não dispensado fora de casa (OR:4,8; IC95%: 1,7-13,4), família conhecer o vetor (OR:6,0; IC95%: 1,8-20,1) e presença de áreas erodidas na vizinhança (OR:0,3; IC95%: 0,1-0,8). Os demais fatores de risco identificados foram: encontrar-se fora de casa entre 18 e 22 horas, ter cão de pelo curto e casa com paredes rebocadas. CONCLUSÕES: Demonstrou-se a ocorrência da infecção humana assintomática por L. chagasi em amostra populacional urbana de Minas Gerais. As estimativas de prevalência e os fatores de risco dependeram do critério utilizado para definição da infecção e relacionaram-se às condições da moradia, à presença de animais e às condições do meio ambiente, que favorecem contato com o vetor.


Subject(s)
Humans , Leishmania , Leishmaniasis, Visceral
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